Excerpt from Civilization, Vol. 2: An Historical Review of Its Elements

The Progress op Industrial Conditions.

Ancient mechanical ability. Prehistoric examples. Industry in the ancient empires. Size the primitive test of merit. Grace, the modern. Industry in the Arabian empire. Slow industrial recovery in Christendom. Discovery of gunpowder, the mariner's compass, and the art of printing. Effects thereof. Invention of the steam-engine. Labor-saving machinery and its influence. Use of new raw materials. Inductive science. Improvement of human conditions by industry. Effect of its movement northward. Advance in the standard of comfort. Primitive status of the laborer. The growth of slavery. The industrial class in Rome. Industrial conditions in the Middle Ages. The medi?val guilds, their development and decay. Status of modern labor. Agriculture in Europe. In the United States. Transitional state of artisanship. Its conflict with capital. Indications of future relations. Socialism, its rise and progress. Its present condition.

The Migrations of Commerce.

Primitive exchange. Insecurity of the merchant. Mediums of exchange. Ancient land and water traffic. Commerce in Babylonia and Assyria. Development of Ph?nician trade. Trading stations. Rise of Carthage. Commerce of Athens and Corinth. The Greek colonies.

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