Excerpt from Clinical Calorimetry, Vol. 17: In Affiliation With the 2nd, Medical Division
This work established biological standards for the heat values of proteins, carbohydrates and fats which are to-day accepted.
About the same time a calorimeter for the measurement of the heat production in man was set up in Voit"s laboratory and many experiments were made with it by Carl Voit and his brother Erwin Voit. The results were apparently not satisfactory, for nothing was ever published on the subject. At this time Atwater was in Voit"s laboratory, and in 1888 published from that laboratory an article on the absorption of the flesh of fish.
Atwater"s interest in nutrition had already been stimulated by Johnson and Brewer at Yale, and through studies in agricultural and physiological chemistry in Berlin in 1869-71. In 1877 he began investigations into dietary requirements of the people. It was Atwater"s association with Voit and with Rubner, however, which gave him his knowledge of the principles of the subject of calorimetry as applied to the living organism. These facts, which are not widely known, emphasize again the overwhelming debt which American science owes to Germany.
In 1894 Rubner built the first successful respiration calorimeter. He built it largely with his own hands and with the very moderate means available in his laboratory at Marburg where he had become professor of hygiene. Voit, on hearing the news, said that it was the most important invention of its kind since the invention of the thermometer. Rubner"s calorimeter, which measured the heat production of a dog, was associated with the mechanism of a Pettenkofer respiration apparatus which determined the carbonic acid output of the animal. Thus indirect calorimetry could be compared with direct calorimetry. For example, if the nitrogen in the urine and feces of a dog fed with meat and fat were determined, and this nitrogen were multiplied by 6.25, the quantity of protein destroyed could be estimated.
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