Excerpt from The Teaching of Primary Arithmetic: A Critical Study of Recent Tendencies in Method
The evolution of the teaching of primary arithmetic extends over a period of about two hundred years, although numerous sporadic efforts at teaching the science of number to young children had been made long before the founding of the Francke Institute at Halle. During the eighteenth century not much progress was made until there was established the Philanthropin at Dessau, and perhaps it would be more just to speak of primary arithmetic as having its real beginning in this institution at about the time that our country was establishing its independent existence. It is, however, to Pestalozzi, at the beginning of the nineteenth century, that we usually and rightly assign the first sympathetic movement in this direction, and it is the period from that time to the present that has seen the real evolution of the teaching of arithmetic to children in the first school years.
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