Excerpt from Provincial and District Notes on the Agricultural Conditions and Problems of the United Provinces: Revised Up to 1911

I have attempted to make the district notes complete in themselves as regards all the more important subjects on which information is available, but they would become inconveniently long if they were include discussions of every points that has arisen in connection with a number of districts. I have therefore put together the following note for the province as a whole, as supplementary to the district notes, as indicating the need for investigation of particular matters concerning more than one district.

I - Masonry wells.

It will be convenient to bring together the results of the enquiries made regarding the possibility of increasing the number of masonry wells.

(a) Almost every district where spring wells are practicable has room for many more than exist.

(b) Where the practice of sinking wells is established, the local knowledge as to the presence of a stratum of foundation-clay can usually be relied on: elsewhere facilities should be provided for trial-borings.

(c) Where foundation-clay is believed by the people to be absent, it is worth while to arrange for borings to determine whether it exists at a depth greater than has been explored. If it is found, "semi-artesian" wells of the type described in the Manual of Irrigation Wells can be constructed. If there is no foundation-clay within reach, only percolation-wells can, be constructed.

(d) There are extensive tracts, especially in the north-east to the province, where masonry percolation-wells are fairly efficient, though they cannot as a rule yield the same supply as spring-wells and therefore protect a smaller area, besides being more liable to failure.

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