Excerpt from Double Entry Elucidated
The design of this work is three-fold : -
I. To elucidate the immutable principles of double entry, and to disentangle them from forms with which they have too long been confounded.
II. To point out radical defects in the prevalent modes of Teaching bookkeeping, and to suggest the means whereby those defects may be removed.
III. To exemplify the modem improvements in the arrangement of accounts, and to exhibit the art as it is actually practised by the most intelligent merchants at home and abroad.
In 1732, John Clark published in London a work, entitled "Lectures on Accompts," &c., which contains the following novel exposition of the theory of double entry: -
"Let it be supposed," says Clark, "that the account of Stock is a real person employed to take care of my estate, and to render an account of the improvement he has made of it. In a like manner. Cash, and all other accounts which I may have occasion to keep, may be considered as persons employed by Stock to take care of that part of my estate with which they are entrusted, and to render an account thereof to Stock. Then Cash, or the person entrusted with the care of my money, owes to Stock so much as he is entrusted with. Upon this hypothesis every transaction must be considered as though it had been transacted between persons who managed my affairs; for there can be no business transacted but between two or more persons; and as there is no such thing as a person being debtor, but that he must owe some other person, and for that reason the person whom he oweth is called creditor: hence, if the ledger is to contain an exact register of all my transactions, they must be doubly or twice entered; that is, the sum that any person oweth must be entered in his account that oweth, and also in the person's account he oweth it to.
"From the supposition that all the accounts are to be considered as persons, and from the nature of debtor and creditor, the following general rules may be deduced: -
1. He that receives and is accountable for what he receives, is...Debtor.
2. He that delivers, or to whom any person is accountable, is...Creditor.
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