Excerpt from Philosophy Fun of Algebra
Arithmetic means dealing logically with facts which we know (about questions of number).
"Logically" ; that is to say, in accordance with the "Logos" or hidden wisdom, i.e., the laws of normal action of the human mind.
For instance, you are asked what will have to be paid for six pounds of sugar at 3d. a pound. You multiply the six by the three. That is not because of any property of sugar, or of the copper of which the pennies are made. You would have done the same if the thing bought had been starch or apples.
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