Excerpt from The Astrophysical Journal, 1901, Vol. 13
In discussing periodic phenomena in which the times of recurrence of a given phase are subject to irregularities two hypotheses may be made. One is that underlying the periodic phenomena which we observe, there is a primary cause going through a perfectly uniform period; but that, on the action of this cause are superseded irregular actions which may delay or accelerate the occurrence of a phase without affecting the primary cause. When this is the case we shall have a series of perfectly equidistant normal epochs for the recurrences of the same phase, and the observed deviations from these epochs will be in the nature of separate and independent accidental errors. That is to say, if P be the true value of the normal period then, at the end of n periods, however great n may be, the time of occurrence of the phase will differ from n P only by a small quantity ±e indicating the irregularity in the general mean. This value of e will be the same, no matter how great n may be.
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