Excerpt from Key to Steam Engineering
Question. What three elements of Nature must we understand to successfully master steam engineering?
Answer. Air, water and fuel.
Q. What is air composed of?
A. Air is composed principally of the three gases - nitrogen, oxygen and carbonic acid gas, in the following proportions: nitrogen, four parts: oxygen, one part, with a slight admixture of carbonic acid gas.
Q. Which is the most important of these gases?
A. Oxygen is the most important, for to its agency are owing the existence of animal life, the maintenance of combustion, etc.
Q. What is the atmospheric pressure or weight?
A. The higher we ascend in the air the less the pressure becomes.
Q. What causes the water to rise in a pump?
A. It is the displacement of air in the pump that causes the water to rise; the same may be said in reference to the siphon.
Q. What is a vacuum?
A. A space void of air.
Q. If we had a vacuum formed in a vessel, and were to suddenly open a communication between it and the outside air, how fast would the air rush in?
A. The air at its maximum density (14.7) is found to rush into a vacuum at the rate of from 1,300 to 1.400 feet per second.
Q. Which is the best conductor of sound, damp air or dry air?
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