Excerpt from The Principles of Anthropology, and Sociology in Their, Relations to Criminal Procedure
The recent progress of civilization has caused few greater changes than in the treatment of the criminal. It is scarcely more than a century since criminals were treated with the greatest cruelty. Torture was frequently used to extort confessions and many of the penalties inflicted were most brutal. But the eighteenth century philosophers inspired by a humanitarian feeling protested against these abuses as they did against every form of inhumanity. This protest combined with other forces resulted in the abolition of torture in most civilized countries and in making punishment much more humane. The power of judges which had been very arbitrary was greatly restricted and penalties are now inflicted only under the sanction of the penal code.
The work of the nineteenth century along these lines, therefore, has been to render the treatment of the criminal humane and to subject it to a strict regime of law. In the latter part of the nineteenth century a new science of criminology has been developed. This science is divided into two branches, criminal anthropology and criminal sociology.
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