Excerpt from Ulcer of the Stomach
The ultimate object of our investigations into the causes of, and abnormal processes concerned in, a disease is the scientific treatment of our patients, the aim of which is the restoration to the normal of the morbid processes constituting the malady. In order to do this, it is essential to know what these processes are, and the relative part that each individually plays in the production of the clinical phenomena of the disease.
The physician is unable effectively to study these processes of disease in man, because, although our methods of clinical research have vastly improved during the past few years, they are yet very limited, and particularly those dependent upon experiment and not upon mere observation. Again, when the case comes under observation, so many processes are usually disordered together that it is impossible to say which are of primary and which of secondary importance. It is, therefore, essential in order to study the causes of, effects of, and phenomena exhibited by isolated morbid processes at various stages in their course, to resort to experiments upon animals; but unless the anatomical basis of a disordered process in the human being has been previously ascertained, one has no idea how to reproduce the condition in an animal. The study of morbid anatomy and clinical medicine is thus inextricably blended with that of experimental pathology. It is true that certain pathological problems can be studied exclusively in the laboratory, but these are merely parts of the whole, and eventually must be correlated with the facts obtained through a study of the patient. The pathological and clinical aspects of a disease must, therefore, be studied side by side, otherwise our knowledge of it can never be precise and complete.
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