Excerpt from Comparative Administrative Law, Vol. 2: An Analysis of the Administrative Systems National and Local, of the United States, England, France and Germany
1. In general. - By an office is understood a right or duty conferred or imposed by law on a person or several persons to act in the execution and application of the law. By officers are meant those persons on whom an office has been conferred or imposed. The word authority is also sometimes used to designate the person or persons holding an office. It is to be noticed that an office may exist without the officer. Thus we often hear of an office being vacant. On the other hand there may be an officer who has no office. Thus an officer who has been pensioned or retired and who is not discharging official functions may be subjected to many of the duties resulting from the existence of the official relation. This is particularly true of Germany.
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