Excerpt from Fate of Republics
It is usual to classify governments under three types - government by one person, government by a few privileged persons, and government by the people; or, in a word, governments are either Monarchic, Aristocratic, or Democratic. The extreme poles of government are, therefore, pure democracies on the one hand, and pure democracies on the other. Between these two extremes are found most of the extinct and existing forms of government.
In history, nearly all governments, not monarchical, are termed Republics. Sparta, during her independence, especially while under the rule of the Magistrates and Senate; Athens, just after the times of Solon; and the Italian republics, notably those of Venice and Genoa, were so thoroughly governed by the aristocracy, that by some writers they have been excluded from the rank of republics; still, in this treatise they are regarded as republics.
It is worthy of note also that republics are of two types - centralized and non-centralized.
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