Excerpt from The Toxicity to Fungi of Various Oils and Salts, Particularly Those Used in Wood Preservation
These preservatives have in a general way proved to be fairly good, but recently further efforts have been made to supplement them, or perhaps to substitute for them under certain conditions other substances which may be more applicable to certain requirements.
In addition to the toxicity of a preservative toward wood-destroying organisms, its value to the trade will depend largely upon its varied physical and chemical properties, as well as upon certain economic considerations involved. The present publication, however, deals only with the toxic properties. Considerable literature on the toxic effect upon plant and animal life of various chemical substances, both inorganic and organic, has accumulated, but relatively little work has been done with wood-destroying fungi, and any attempt to draw analogies would be misleading.
Even among fungi the toxic concentration of a given preservative will vary, depending upon the organism, the concentration of the preservative, and the growth conditions, such as the composition of media and the temperature. In order to call attention to the fundamental character of certain of these variations and to illustrate the points involved, a brief survey of some of the work of other investigators is hero presented before the results of our own work are discussed. No attempt has been made to review all the literature on this extensive topic, and only a few references which serve to illustrate the points the writers desire to emphasize are included.
Historical.
Stimulation by Toxic Substances.
Many investigators have established the fact that certain substances that are poisonous in higher concentration exert only a stimulating effect in extreme dilution. For many years the fluorin compounds have been known to have this stimulating effect upon fermentation. One (22) and Raulin (24) have found similar favorable influences exited by lithium nitrate and sodium fluorid upon alg? and by mercuric chlorid and copper sulphate upon fungi. Fred (9), in his studies on nitrogen fixation, denitrification, ammonification, and putrefactive processes in soils, due to certain bacteria and yeasts, concludes that the yield is in proportion to the toxic stimuli. Likewise, Clark (3, p. 400), in his work on the toxic effect of many acids and salts upon fungi, found that many deleterious agents which at certain concentrations retard germination or early growth afterwards cause a great acceleration of mycelial development.
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