Excerpt from The State and Education, an Historical and Critical Essay
With the Oriental nations of antiquity, the instruction of youth, as well as general cultivation, was intimately connected with religion, as means to an end. In India, Egypt, and Persia, the priests were the only supporters of learning, and devoted themselves exclusively to the instruction, not of the whole people, but only of the sons of the privileged castes. Among the Jews, on the other hand, the instruction of the whole body of the youth was regarded as a national duty. In the case of none of these nations was there State education in the modern sense of the word; and the universal physical education in Persia must not be confounded with it, the instruction being usually confined within the limits of the family.
Ancient Geeece.
The only States of Greece in which some sort of State education, in the modern sense of the word, existed, were Sparta and Crete. Among the Spartans and Cretans the education of the whole youth prevailed. It was systematically organised, was carried on in public in State institutions, and was continued during the whole lifetime of the citizen, beginning in the case of the Spartans with the seventh year, while with the Cretans it began at the age of seventeen. But moral and physical education took precedence of mere instruction, and the latter was confined to the bare acquisition of the arts of reading and writing. Gymnastics, orchestics, and a simple kind of music, occupied the foremost place. Hardening of the body, strictness of morals, obedience, modesty, were deemed the highest ends of education.
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