Excerpt from The Surgery of the Pancreas, as Based Upon Experiments and Clinical Researches
In some of the higher invertebrates certain organs connected with the alimentary canal have received the name of pancreas; but they have done so rather from their position and inferred function than from any certain evidence of their use, or from their anatomical structure. If they exist, they consist of simple c?cal appendages attached to the upper part of the intestine.
In the osseous fishes, certain c?ca or blind tubes may be seen at the commencement of the intestinal canal, close to the pylorus, which from their position have received the name of pyloric appendages, and have been regarded by most anatomists as the analogue of the pancreas in higher animals. In reptiles, we make a greater approach to the structure of the pancreas of higher animals, both in form and structure. In the frog the pancreas is shaped not unlike that of the human subject, but its broad end is in the opposite direction. It is in close approximation with the duodenum in its whole length. A proper duct cannot be found; probably small ducts from different parts of the gland open into the biliary duct as it passes through the gland. The pancreas of birds is proportionately larger than in any other animal. The gland has always more than one, usually two or three ducts which open by separate orifices and often at some considerable distance from one another.
The chief differences between the pancreas in other mammalia and man relate merely to its color, its consistence, its degree of lobulation, its form, its volume, its union into a single mass or its separation into two distinct parts, and, lastly, its position and relations with different portions of the peritoneum.
Its form is generally more or less that of a narrow band, divisible into two portions: one, the duodenal, following the curvature of the duodenum, and placed vertically or obliquely; the other, the gastrosplenic, extending transversely, and therefore opposite the other, from the duodenum to the spleen, against which it rests; the latter is always developed, the former is often defective or absent, and must be considered merely as an accessory portion.
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