Excerpt from Carnes Manual on Opening and Closing the Books of Joint Stock Companies: A Work Designed for Experienced Book-Keepers
The nature of Joint Stock Concerns in their organization is varied and often peculiar, owing to which the opening entries at the commencement of business must necessarily differ, and from this fact difficulties arise that are not met with in common commercial bookkeeping. Having been so frequently consulted upon the subject of opening and closing the books of Joint Stock Companies by intelligent book-keepers, I am led to imagine a few practical suggestions upon the matter may be of much value.
To open the books for a simple partnership or a mercantile business, we only have to deal with positive values, whilst on opening the books for a compound partnership or a' Joint Stock Company we arc compelled to resort to values of another kind, namely, positive, nominal, and fictitious, and it is in the creation and disposition of these nominal and fictitious values that difficulties seem to arise:
The knowledge I have acquired upon the matter of compound partnerships has been from observation and study, coupled with a varied practical experience covering the better portion of my life* and I feel confident the various entries I shall here illustrate will assist the intelligent book-keeper, and go far to aid him in the disposition of all transactions to be encountered in the formation of a Joint Stock Company, no matter how complicated its organization may be.
I do not propose, even were I capable, to devote any of the pages of this little work to defining the law regulating Stock Concerns. That question I refer to some proper attorney, who should beyond question be consulted upon the first move looking toward any organization governed in the main by legal enactments. Nor shall I, like some authors, sacrifice golden hours, and exhaust the greater portion of my space in setting forth how articles of incorporation and other instruments of writing necessary to the formation of a Company should be executed. Neither shall its pages be encumbered with an exemplification of the minute book, or only a detail of the formula required to open the books for a Company that is to be blessed with a cash, paid-up capital.
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