Excerpt from Geology of the City of New York: Greater New York
The City of New York now embraces four separate, though from a geological view, not distinct areas, viz.: The Borough of Manhattan (Manhattan Island), the Borough of the Bronx, the Borough of Richmond (Staten Island) and the Boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens (Brooklyn, Jamaica, Flatbush and Long Island City). Of these, the Borough of Manhattan and the Borough of the Bronx have a common geological expression; the Boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens are identical in geological character, and carry to its most typical limit the drift area so largely reduced on Manhattan Island by municipal changes, while the Borough of Richmond bears an individual geological structure involving peculiar features not observed in the others.
In geological affinities, if the term may be used, Manhattan and the Bronx are allied to northern or primordial, even arch?an structures; Richmond, Kings and Queens to southern and recent, though, indeed, in Richmond, there is a problematical nucleus of serpentine hills, probably derivative from crystalline schists, similar to those of Manhattan Island.
In view of this diversity of feature the discussion of the topographical conditions and the geological nature of the City of New York will naturally fall into three sections; first that of Manhattan Island, with an appendix embracing briefly the similar construction of the Borough of the Bronx; second, that of Brooklyn and Queens and third, that of Richmond.
1. Manhattan Island.
Topography.
Manhattan Island, the original nucleus of the present enlarged city, is an irregular rectangle, bounded on the northwest by the Hudson River, on the north by Spuyten Duyvil Creek and the Harlem River, on the east by the Harlem and East Rivers, on the south by the basin of New York Harbor, or the interjunction of the Hudson River and the East River Channels. It preserves a fairly uniform width of two miles northward to 125th Street, and there tapers into an elongated neck-like extension, having an average width of three quarters of a mile at Spuyten Duyvil Creek, its northern extremity.
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