Excerpt from The History of Greece, Vol. 5
In a higher degree than the other nations of ancient and of modern times, the Hellenes possess an independent history. Their civilization is based on their connexion with the East; but that which thence accrued to them they independently developed, and thoroughly converted into property of their own. Foreign nations at various times interfered in the relations between the Hellenic states; but these interventions actually brought about the reverse of that which they had been intended to accomplish. The Persian Wars only served to raise the Hellenes to a full consciousness of their national resources; and so far from the later proceedings on the part of Persia which affected Greece having had their origin in Persia itself, it was rather the Hellenic states which transferred to the Great King an influence such as he would never have been capable of acquiring by himself, and such as he was also unable to turn to account. For, notwithstanding the disruption of the Hellenic nation, it was beyond his power to recover the dominion over the sea, upon which the relations between Persia and Greece entirely hinged. Thus the development of the Hellenic states had hitherto been of a thoroughly independent character.
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